Nace I Nursing Care of Childbearing and Family Nclex Questions
Know the concepts behind writing NANDA nursing diagnosis in this ultimate tutorial and nursing diagnosis list. Learn what is a nursing diagnosis, its history and evolution, the nursing process, the different types, its classifications, and how to write NANDA nursing diagnoses correctly. Included also in this guide are tips on how you can formulate better nursing diagnoses plus guides on how you can use them in creating your nursing care plans.
Tabular array of Contents
- What is a Nursing Diagnosis?
- Purposes of Nursing Diagnosis
- Differentiating Nursing Diagnoses, Medical Diagnoses, and Collaborative Bug
- NANDA International (NANDA-I)
- History and Development of Nursing Diagnosis
- Classification of Nursing Diagnoses (Taxonomy 2)
- Nursing Process
- Types of Nursing Diagnoses
- Trouble-Focused Nursing Diagnosis
- Risk Nursing Diagnosis
- Wellness Promotion Diagnosis
- Syndrome Diagnosis
- Possible Nursing Diagnosis
- Components of a Nursing Diagnosis
- Problem and Definition
- Etiology
- Risk Factors
- Defining Characteristics
- Diagnostic Procedure: How to Diagnose
- Analyzing Information
- Identifying Health Problems, Risks, and Strengths
- Formulating Diagnostic Statements
- How to Write a Nursing Diagnosis?
- Pes Format
- One-Function Nursing Diagnosis Statement
- Two-Function Nursing Diagnosis Argument
- 3-part Nursing Diagnosis Statement
- Pes Format
- Nursing Diagnosis for Care Plans
- References and Sources
What is a Nursing Diagnosis?
A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning human response to wellness conditions/life processes, or a vulnerability for that response, by an private, family, grouping, or community. A nursing diagnosis provides the basis for the pick of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse has accountability.Nursing diagnoses are developed based on data obtained during the nursing assessment and enable the nurse to develop the care programme.
Purposes of Nursing Diagnosis
The purpose of the nursing diagnosis is as follows:
- Helps identify nursing priorities and help direct nursing interventions based on identified priorities.
- Helps the conception of expected outcomes for quality balls requirements of 3rd-political party payers.
- Nursing diagnoses help place how a client or group responds to actual or potential health and life processes and knowing their available resource of strengths that can be drawn upon to foreclose or resolve problems.
- Provides a common language and forms a ground for communication and understanding between nursing professionals and the healthcare team.
- Provides a basis of evaluation to determine if nursing care was beneficial to the client and toll-constructive.
- For nursing students, nursing diagnoses are an constructive teaching tool to aid sharpen their problem-solving and disquisitional thinking skills.
Differentiating Nursing Diagnoses, Medical Diagnoses, and Collaborative Problems
The term nursing diagnosis is associated with three different concepts. It may refer to the distinct 2nd pace in the nursing process, diagnosis. Also, nursing diagnosis applies to the label when nurses assign meaning to collected data accordingly labeled with NANDA-I-canonical nursing diagnosis. For example, during the assessment, the nurse may recognize that the customer is feeling broken-hearted, fearful, and finds it difficult to sleep. It is those problems that are labeled with nursing diagnoses: respectively, Feet, Fear, and Disturbed Sleep Design. Lastly, a nursing diagnosis refers to one of many diagnoses in the nomenclature system established and approved by NANDA. In this context, a nursing diagnosis is based upon the response of the patient to the medical status. It is chosen a 'nursing diagnosis' because these are matters that hold a singled-out and precise activity that is associated with what nurses have the autonomy to take activeness well-nigh with a specific disease or condition. This includes anything that is a physical, mental, and spiritual type of response. Hence, a nursing diagnosis is focused on care.
A medical diagnosis, on the other hand, is made by the doctor or avant-garde health care practitioner that deals more with the disease, medical condition, or pathological state but a practitioner tin treat. Moreover, through experience and know-how, the specific and precise clinical entity that might be the possible cause of the disease volition and so be undertaken by the dr., therefore, providing the proper medication that would cure the illness. Examples of medical diagnoses are Diabetes Mellitus, Tuberculosis, Amputation, Hepatitis, and Chronic Kidney Disease.The medical diagnosis normally does not change. Nurses are required to follow the medico's orders and carry out prescribed treatments and therapies.
Collaborative problems are potential issues that nurses manage using both independent and md-prescribed interventions. These are problems or weather that require both medical and nursing interventions with the nursing aspect focused on monitoring the client's condition and preventing the development of the potential complication.
Every bit explained above, now it is easier to distinguish a nursing diagnosis from that of a medical diagnosis. Nursing diagnosis is directed towards the patient and his physiological and psychological response. A medical diagnosis, on the other hand, is particular with the illness or medical condition. Its centre is on the illness.
NANDA International (NANDA-I)
NANDA – International earlier known as the N American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) is the principal organization for defining, distribution and integration of standardized nursing diagnoses worldwide.
The term nursing diagnosis was starting time mentioned in the nursing literature in the 1950s. 2 kinesthesia members of Saint Louis University, Kristine Gebbie and Mary Ann Lavin, recognized the need to place nurses' role in an ambulatory intendance setting. In 1973, NANDA'southward outset national conference was held to formally identify, develop, and allocate nursing diagnoses. Subsequent national conferences occurred in 1975, in 1980, and every two years thereafter. In recognition of the participation of nurses in the United States and Canada, in 1982 the group accepted the proper noun North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA).
In 2002, NANDA became NANDA International (NANDA-I) in response to its pregnant growth in membership outside of Due north America. The acronym NANDA was retained in the proper noun because of its recognition.
Review, refinement, and enquiry of diagnostic labels go on equally new and modified labels are discussed at each biennial briefing. Nurses tin submit diagnoses to the Diagnostic Review Committee for review. The NANDA-I lath of directors gives the final approval for incorporation of the diagnosis into the official list of labels. As of 2021, NANDA-I has canonical 267 diagnoses for clinical use, testing, and refinement.
History and Evolution of Nursing Diagnosis
In this department, we'll await at the events that led to the evolution of nursing diagnosis today:
- The need for nursing to earn its professional condition, the increasing use of computers in hospitals for accreditation documentation, and the demand for a standardized language from nurses atomic number 82 to the development of nursing diagnosis.
- Mail service-World State of war II America saw an increment in the number of nurses returning from military service. These nurses were highly skilled in treating medical diagnoses with physicians. Returning to peacetime do, nurses were faced with renewed domination by physicians and social pressures to render to traditionally defined female person roles with reduces status to brand room in the workforce for returning male person soldiers. With that, nurses felt increased pressure level to redefine their unique condition and value.
- Nursing diagnosis was seen every bit the approach that could provide the "frame of reference from which nurses could determine what to exercise and what to expect" in a clinical practise situation.
- Nursing diagnoses were also intended to define nursing'south unique boundaries with respect to medical diagnoses. For NANDA, the standardization of nursing language through nursing diagnosis was the first step towards having insurance companies pay nurses directly for their intendance.
- In 1953, Virginia Fry and R. Louise McManus introduced the discipline-specific term "nursing diagnosis" to describe a step necessary in developing a nursing care program.
- In 1972, the New York State Nurse Practice Act identified diagnosing as part of the legal domain of professional person nursing. The Act was the first legislative recognition of nursing'due south contained role and diagnostic part.
- In 1973, the development of nursing diagnosis formally began when two faculty members of the Saint Louis Academy, Kristine Gebbie and Mary Ann Lavin, perceived a need to place nurses' roles in ambulatory intendance settings. In the aforementioned year, the kickoff national conference to identify nursing diagnoses was sponsored by the Saint Louis Academy School of Nursing and Centrolineal Health Profession in 1973.
- Also in 1973, the American Nurses Association's Standards of Exercise included diagnosing equally a function of professional nursing. Diagnosing was subsequently incorporated into the component of the nursing process. The nursing procedure was used to standardize and ascertain the concept of nursing care, hoping that it would help to earn professional status.
- In 1980, the American Nurses Association (ANA) Social Policy Statement defined nursing as: "the diagnosis and treatment of human response to actual or potential health problems."
- International recognition of the conferences and the development of nursing diagnosis came with the First Canadian Conference in Toronto (1977) and the International Nursing Briefing (1987) in Alberta, Canada.
- In 1982, the briefing group accustomed the proper name "North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA)" to recognize the participation and contribution of nurses in the United States and Canada. In the aforementioned yr, the newly formed NANDA used Sr. Callista Roy's "nine patterns of unitary homo" equally an organizing principle since the start taxonomy listed nursing diagnosis alphabetically – which was deemed unscientific.
- In 1984, NANDA renamed "patterns of unitary homo" as "human being response patterns" based on the work of Marjorie Gordon. Currently, the taxonomy is at present called Taxonomy Ii.
- In 1990 during the 9th conference of NANDA, the grouping approved an official definition of nursing diagnosis:
"Nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to bodily or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing diagnosis provides the footing for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable." - In 1997, NANDA inverse the name of its official journal from "Nursing Diagnosis" to "Nursing Diagnosis: The International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications."
- In 2002, NANDA changed its name to NANDA International (NANDA-I) to further reflect the worldwide interest in nursing diagnosis. In the same yr, Taxonomy II was released based on the revised version of Gordon's Functional health patterns.
- As of 2018, NANDA-I has approved 244 diagnoses for clinical use, testing, and refinement.
- As of 2021, in that location are 267 canonical diagnoses for clinical use, testing, and refinement.
Classification of Nursing Diagnoses (Taxonomy II)
How are nursing diagnoses listed, arranged, or classified? In 2002, Taxonomy II was adopted, which was based on the Functional Health Patterns assessment framework of Dr. Mary Joy Gordon. Taxonomy 2 has three levels: Domains (13), Classes (47), and nursing diagnoses. Nursing diagnoses are no longer grouped by Gordon's patterns but coded according to seven axes: diagnostic concept, time, unit of intendance, age, health status, descriptor, and topology. In add-on, diagnoses are at present listed alphabetically by their concept, non past the showtime word.
- Domain one. Wellness Promotion
- Course ane. Health Awareness
- Class ii. Health Management
- Domain two. Nutrition
- Grade 1. Ingestion
- Class 2. Digestion
- Form 3. Absorption
- Class 4. Metabolism
- Course 5. Hydration
- Domain iii. Elimination and Exchange
- Form 1. Urinary function
- Class 2. Gastrointestinal role
- Form iii. Integumentary office
- Class four. Respiratory part
- Domain iv. Activity/Rest
- Class 1. Sleep/Remainder
- Class 2. Action/Practise
- Form 3. Free energy balance
- Form 4. Cardiovascular/Pulmonary responses
- Grade 5. Cocky-care
- Domain 5. Perception/Noesis
- Class 1. Attention
- Form 2. Orientation
- Class 3. Awareness/Perception
- Grade four. Cognition
- Class 5. Communication
- Domain 6. Self-Perception
- Class one. Self-concept
- Class two. Self-esteem
- Grade 3. Body image
- Domain 7. Part relationship
- Class one. Caregiving roles
- Form 2. Family relationships
- Course three. Function performance
- Domain eight. Sexuality
- Class 1. Sexual identity
- Class 2. Sexual part
- Class 3. Reproduction
- Domain 9. Coping/stress tolerance
- Grade 1. Post-trauma responses
- Class 2. Coping responses
- Class three. Neurobehavioral stress
- Domain ten. Life principles
- Class 1. Values
- Class 2. Beliefs
- Class 3. Value/Conventionalities/Action congruence
- Domain eleven. Safety/Protection
- Course ane. Infection
- Class two. Concrete injury
- Class iii. Violence
- Course 4. Ecology hazards
- Grade five. Defensive processes
- Course 6. Thermoregulation
- Domain 12. Comfort
- Class one. Concrete condolement
- Class 2. Environmental comfort
- Class 3. Social comfort
- Domain 13. Growth/Development
- Class i. Growth
- Course 2. Development
Nursing Process
The five stages of the nursing process are cess, diagnosing, planning, implementation, and evaluation. All steps in the nursing procedure require disquisitional thinking by the nurse. Apart from the understanding of nursing diagnoses and their definitions, the nurse promotes sensation of defining characteristics and behaviors of the diagnoses, related factors to the selected nursing diagnoses, and the interventions suited for treating the diagnoses.
The steps, importance, purposes, and characteristics of the nursing procedure is discussed more in detail hither: "The Nursing Process: A Comprehensive Guide"
Types of Nursing Diagnoses
The four types of NANDA-I nursing diagnosis are Actual (Problem-Focused), Risk, Health Promotion, and Syndrome. Here are the four categories of nursing diagnoses provided by the NANDA-I system.
Problem-Focused Nursing Diagnosis
A problem-focused diagnosis (also known every bit actual diagnosis) is a customer problem that is nowadays at the time of the nursing assessment. These diagnoses are based on the presence of associated signs and symptoms. Actual nursing diagnosis should non be viewed every bit more of import than risk diagnoses. In that location are many instances where a risk diagnosis can be the diagnosis with the highest priority for a patient.
Trouble-focused nursing diagnoses take three components: (ane) nursing diagnosis, (ii) related factors, and (iii) defining characteristics. Examples of actual nursing diagnosis are:
- Ineffective Breathing Design related to pain every bit evidenced by pursed-lip breathing, reports of hurting during inhalation, use of accessory muscles to exhale
- Anxiety related to stress as evidenced by increased tension, anticipation, and expression of concern regarding upcoming surgery
- Astute Pain related to decreased myocardial flow every bit evidenced past grimacing, expression of pain, guarding behavior.
- Impaired Skin Integrity related to force per unit area over bony prominence as evidenced by pain, bleeding, redness, wound drainage.
Gamble Nursing Diagnosis
The 2d type of nursing diagnosis is called risk nursing diagnosis.These are clinical judgments that a trouble does non exist, but the presence of adventure factors indicates that a problem is likely to develop unless nurses intervene. There are no etiological factors (related factors) for risk diagnoses. The individual (or group) is more than susceptible to developing the problem than others in the same or a like situation because of adventure factors. For example, an elderly client with diabetes and vertigo who has difficulty walking refuses to ask for assistance during ambulation may be accordingly diagnosed with Risk for Injury.
Components of a take chances nursing diagnosis include (i) run a risk diagnostic label, and (ii) adventure factors. Examples of risk nursing diagnosis are:
- Take a chance for Falls as evidenced by muscle weakness
- Take chances for Injury equally evidenced by altered mobility
- Risk for Infection as evidenced by immunosuppression
Health Promotion Diagnosis
Wellness promotion diagnosis (too known as wellness diagnosis) is a clinical judgment near motivation and want to increase well-existence. Health promotion diagnosis is concerned with the individual, family, or customs transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness. Components of a health promotion diagnosis more often than not include only the diagnostic label or a i-role statement. Examples of wellness promotion diagnosis:
- Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Well Being
- Readiness for Enhanced Family unit Coping
- Readiness for Enhanced Parenting
Syndrome Diagnosis
A syndrome diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning a cluster of problem or run a risk nursing diagnoses that are predicted to nowadays because of a certain situation or event. They, too, are written as a one-function statement requiring but the diagnostic label. Examples of a syndrome nursing diagnosis are:
- Chronic Pain Syndrome
- Mail-trauma Syndrome
- Fragile Elderly Syndrome
Possible Nursing Diagnosis
A possible nursing diagnosis is non a blazon of diagnosis as are actual, hazard, wellness promotion, and syndrome. Possible nursing diagnoses are statements describing a suspected problem for which additional data are needed to confirm or rule out the suspected problem. It provides the nurse with the ability to communicate with other nurses that a diagnosis may be present but boosted data collection is indicated to rule out or confirm the diagnosis. Examples include:
- Possible Chronic Low Self-Esteem
- Possible Social Isolation.
Components of a Nursing Diagnosis
A nursing diagnosis has typically three components: (1) the problem and its definition, (two) the etiology, and (iii) the defining characteristics or risk factors (for adventure diagnosis).
Problem and Definition
The trouble statement, or the diagnostic label, describes the client's wellness problem or response for which nursing therapy is given every bit concisely as possible. A diagnostic label usually has 2 parts: qualifier and focus of the diagnosis. Qualifiers (also called modifiers) are words that accept been added to some diagnostic labels to give additional pregnant, limit, or specify the diagnostic statement. Exempted in this rule are one-word nursing diagnoses (e.g., Anxiety, Constipation, Diarrhea, Nausea, etc.) where their qualifier and focus are inherent in the i term.
| Qualifier | Focus of the Diagnosis |
|---|---|
| Scarce | Fluid volume |
| Imbalanced | Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements |
| Impaired | Gas Exchange |
| Ineffective | Tissue Perfusion |
| Risk for | Injury |
Etiology
The etiology, or related factors, component of a nursing diagnosis label identifies one or more probable causes of the health problem, are the weather condition involved in the development of the problem, gives direction to the required nursing therapy, and enables the nurse to individualize the client'southward care. Nursing interventions should be aimed at etiological factors in order to remove the underlying crusade of the nursing diagnosis. Etiology is linked with the problem statement with the phrase "related to" such every bit:
- Decreased activity tolerance related to generalized weakness.
- Impaired physical mobility related to imposed bed remainder.
Risk Factors
Risk factors are used instead of etiological factors for chance nursing diagnosis. Risk factors are forces that put an individual (or group) at an increased vulnerability to an unhealthy status. Chance factors are written following the phrase "as evidenced by" in the diagnostic statement.
- Risk for Falls every bit evidenced past old age and use of walker.
- Run a risk for Infection every bit evidenced by break in pare integrity.
Defining Characteristics
Defining characteristics are the clusters of signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of a detail diagnostic label. In bodily nursing diagnoses, the defining characteristics are the identified signs and symptoms of the client. For hazard nursing diagnosis, no signs and symptoms are present therefore the factors that crusade the customer to exist more susceptible to the trouble form the etiology of a take a chance nursing diagnosis. Defining characteristics are written following the phrase "as evidenced by" or "as manifested by" in the diagnostic statement.
Diagnostic Procedure: How to Diagnose
There are three phases during the diagnostic process: (1) data analysis, (2) identification of the customer's health issues, health risks, and strengths, and (3) formulation of diagnostic statements.
Analyzing Data
Analysis of data involves comparison patient data against standards, clustering the cues, and identifying gaps and inconsistencies.
Identifying Health Problems, Risks, and Strengths
In this decision-making pace after data analysis, the nurse together with the client identify problems that back up tentative bodily, risk, and possible diagnoses. It involves determining whether a trouble is a nursing diagnosis, medical diagnosis, or a collaborative problem. Also at this phase is wherein the nurse and the client identify the client'south strengths, resources, and abilities to cope.
Formulating Diagnostic Statements
Formulation of diagnostic statements is the last pace of the diagnostic process wherein the nurse creates diagnostic statements. The process is detailed below.
How to Write a Nursing Diagnosis?
In writing nursing diagnostic statements, describe the health status of an individual and the factors that have contributed to the status. You do not need to include all types of diagnostic indicators. Writing diagnostic statements vary per blazon of nursing diagnosis (see below).
Human foot Format
Another way of writing nursing diagnostic statements is by using the Human foot format which stands for Problem (diagnostic label), Etiology (related factors), and Signs/Symptoms (defining characteristics). Using the Pes format, diagnostic statements can be one-part, ii-part, or 3-part statements.
One-Part Nursing Diagnosis Statement
Wellness promotion nursing diagnoses are commonly written every bit one-part statements because related factors are always the same: motivated to reach a college level of health through related factors may be used to better the called diagnosis. Syndrome diagnoses as well have no related factors. Examples of one-part nursing diagnosis statements include:
- Readiness for Heighten Breastfeeding
- Readiness for Enhanced Coping
- Rape Trauma Syndrome
Two-Part Nursing Diagnosis Statement
Risk and possible nursing diagnoses take two-function statements: the kickoff part is the diagnostic label and the second is the validation for a risk nursing diagnosis or the presence of risk factors. It'south non possible to have a third part for chance or possible diagnoses considering signs and symptoms do non exist. Examples of two-part nursing diagnosis statements include:
- Risk for Infection as evidenced by compromised host defenses
- Risk for Injury as evidenced past abnormal blood contour
- Possible Social Isolation related to unknown etiology
Three-part Nursing Diagnosis Argument
An actual or problem-focus nursing diagnosis has three-office statements: diagnostic label, contributing cistron ("related to"), and signs and symptoms ("every bit evidenced by" or "as manifested past"). The iii-part nursing diagnosis statement is also chosen the PES format which includes the Problem, Etiology, and Signs and Symptoms. Examples of three-function nursing diagnosis statements include:
- Impaired Physical Mobility related to decreased muscle control as evidenced by inability to control lower extremities.
- Astute Hurting related to tissue ischemia equally evidenced by argument of "I feel severe hurting on my chest!"
Variations on Basic Statement Formats
Variations in writing nursing diagnosis statement formats include the post-obit:
- Using "secondary to" to divide the etiology into ii parts to make the diagnostic statement more descriptive and useful. Following the "secondary to" is often a pathophysiologic or disease process or a medical diagnosis. For case, Risk for Decreased Cardiac Output related to reduced preload secondary to myocardial infarction.
- Using "circuitous factors" when there are besides many etiologic factors or when they are also circuitous to country in a cursory phrase. For instance, Chronic Low Self-Esteem related to complex factors.
- Using "unknown etiology" when the defining characteristics are nowadays but the nurse does not know the cause or contributing factors. For example, Ineffective Coping related to unknown etiology.
- Specifying a 2nd part of the general response or NANDA characterization to make it more than precise. For example, Impaired Skin Integrity (Right Inductive Chest) related to disruption of skin surface secondary to burn injury.
Nursing Diagnosis for Care Plans
This section is the listing or database of the common NANDA nursing diagnosis examples that you lot can utilize to develop your nursing care plans.
- Activity Intolerance
- Astute Pain
- Feet
- Chronic Hurting
- Constipation
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Scarce Fluid Volume
- Deficient Knowledge
- Diarrhea
- Backlog Fluid Volume
- Fatigue
- Fear
- Grieving
- Hopelessness
- Hyperthermia
- Hypothermia
- Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Trunk Requirements
- Dumb Gas Substitution
- Impaired Tissue (Peel) Integrity
- Dumb Urinary Elimination
- Ineffective Airway Clearance
- Ineffective Breathing Design
- Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
- Take a chance for Falls
- Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
- Take a chance for Infection
- Risk for Injury
- Run a risk for Unstable Claret Glucose Level
- Meet more than sample nursing care plans here.
You tin can find the consummate list of nursing diagnoses and their definitions at NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Nomenclature 2018-2020 11th Edition.
References and Sources
References for this Nursing Diagnosis guide and recommended resources to further your reading.
- Ackley, B. J., & Ladwig, G. B. (2010).Nursing Diagnosis Handbook-E-Book: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Intendance. Elsevier Wellness Sciences.
- Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016).Kozier & Erb'south Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, process and exercise. Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Edel, M. (1982). The nature of nursing diagnosis. In J. Carlson, C. Arts and crafts, & A. McGuire (Eds.), Nursing diagnosis (pp. iii-17). Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Fry, V. (1953). The Artistic approach to nursing. AJN, 53(3), 301-302.
- Gordon, M. (1982). Nursing diagnosis: Procedure and application. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Gordon, One thousand. (2014).Manual of nursing diagnosis. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
- Gebbie, K., & Lavin, M. (1975.) Classification of nursing diagnoses: Proceedings of the First National Conference. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
- McManus, R. L. (1951). Supposition of functions in nursing. In Teachers College, Columbia Academy, Regional planning for nurses and nursing education. New York: Columbia University Printing.
- For the Consummate Listing of NANDA-I Nursing Diagnosis: Herdman, H. T., & Kamitsuru, South. (Eds.). (2017). NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Nomenclature 2018-2020. Thieme.
- NANDA. International. (2014).Nursing Diagnoses 2012-14: Definitions and Classification. Wiley.
- Powers, P. (2002). A discourse analysis of nursing diagnosis. Qualitative wellness inquiry, 12(7), 945-965. [Scribd]
Source: https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-diagnosis/
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